Although there had been earlier mining by Spanish and Mexican explorers, the first recorded mining activity in the Inyo Mountains began in 1860 when miners organized the Russ mining district, which covered most of the west slope of the range and nearly all of the study area. Since then, about $19 million in precious- and base-metal ore has been produced from mines in and near the study area, mostly between 1860 and 1890. The south half of the Russ mining district became the Lone Pine mining district in 1883. The Union (Silver Spur), Eclipse (Brown Monster, Reward), and Ida (Frostbitten or International Recovery) mines were soon located and mills were built along the Owens River (Goodyear, 1888). About $200,000 in gold was removed from the Eclipse mine by the end of 1883 (Burchard, 1884). This mine, known first as the Brown Monster and later as the Reward mine, produced about $600,000 in gold, silver, lead, and copper ore between 1889 and 1951. Over $90,000 in silver was recovered from the Union mine prior to 1902 (Goodwin, 1957). After the discovery of high-grade silver deposits at Cerro Gordo around 1865, the Cerro Gordo mining district (fig. 1) was organized in 1866 (Vredenburgh and others, 1981).
About $17 million in silver, lead, zinc, and gold was taken from the Cerro Gordo mine between 1865 and 1945 (Vredenburgh and others, 1981), making it one of the largest silver producers in the history of California. Much of the ore from Cerro Gordo mine was smelted at Swansea. The Swansea mining district was organized at about the same time as the Cerro Gordo mining district. About $120,000 in gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper was produced from the Swansea mining district between 1879 and 1969 (USBM production files; Diamond, 1890, 1891, 1892). Thousands of miners and prospectors were attracted to the Inyo Mountains by news of these discoveries and swarmed over the range in search of new deposits. Thousands of claims were located and relocated. Most of the mines and prospects in the study area were probably discovered and mined before 1880. Gold-bearing quartz veins were discovered on the east side of the Inyo Mountains in the late 1870?s and the Beveridge mining district was organized soon thereafter. About $300,000 in gold was produced from the Beveridge mining district by 1883, principally from the Keynote and Bighorn mines (not part of this study) (Burchard, 1884). Mining in the area peaked in the 1880?s and then went into a gradual decline. There was only sporadic B5 mining during the twentieth century, mostly during the two world wars and the great depression, and virtually none since the early 1950?s.